Security Risks Associated With VoIP Implementation Research Paper

Security Risks Associated With VoIP Implementation - Research Paper Example Section 2 gives point by point depictions of the testing or experiments. Section 3 examines bunches that will be influenced by the tests. Section 4 talks about the individuals who will be associated with testing. Section 5 talks about how results will be evaluated. Section 6 gives the progressions that will be made because of the testing. Section 7 talks about how to test the security dangers in the 250K organization. Part 4 gives the rundown, discoveries, ends and proposals. Numerous organizations globally have applied Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) as a substitute for the conventional Plain Old Telephone System (POTS) as expressed by Ransome and Rittinghouse (2005, pp. 278-302). The improvement of VoIP offers a wide scope of points of interest running from sparing of cost, effectiveness in staff tasks to offering improved shopping experience for clients. These advantages go far in improving a business' fitness and offers advertise administration and strength. Business the board might have the option to extend its upper hand by utilizing the advantages that VoIP offers while considering a few dangers that ought to be managed by giving cures and maintaining a strategic distance from them through and through. The administration of these dangers is at long last the onus of the organization the executives. These dangers may extend from trading off of excellent conveyance, controlling of costs that are security identified with call capturing among others. It is essential to acknowledge here that these dangers offer gigantic disadvantages to business execution and their alleviation is a key factor that requires a lot of the executives' consideration. The paper is planned for giving administration understanding into what the dangers of VoIP are. 1.2 Situational examination In business, it is the assignment of the administration to convey, facilitate, distribute and consolidate information sources or assets so that the objectives of the association are accomplished as viably as could be expected under the circumstances (Wallingford, 2005, pp. 245-263). In a business these assets are ordered into data, physical, human and money related assets. The previous is rapidly getting one of the most significant of the assets. The data asset comprises of composed or handled information. The estimation of the data asset can likewise assume a job in furnishing a business with a noteworthy upper hand. Organizations are right now working in the data period, wherein nature of data can build up the contrast among fruitful and ineffective endeavors. The components that add to the nature of data have thusly gotten progressively significant. Culmination, idealness, importance and precision are, in addition to other things, traits of good quality data. Great quality data is conveyed to the proper clients before it is viewed as helpful or significant. Correspondence is the way wherein data is made available to different clients, while media communications is the advanced transmission of information or data starting with one terminal then onto the next as far as capacity and complexity (Wallingford, 2005, pp. 245-263). Fundamental methods of correspondence incorporate the utilization of phones and fax. As indicated by Wallingford (2005, pp. 245-263) the machines utilized in correspondence change, whereby all the more mechanically progressed and more current techniques for correspondence

Business Economics for Independent Bureaucracy- MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Talk about theBusiness Economics for Independent Bureaucracy. Answer: Australia has a free market economy. It has been indicating amazing financial development in the previous 25 years. The nation has copious characteristic assets just as proficient legislative framework, free organization, all around created lawful framework, all of which prompted a solid pioneering advancement in the economy. The GDP of Australia was 1.34 trillion USD or AUD 1.62 trillion out of 2015 (World Bank 2017). (Source: World Bank 2017) As indicated by the information of World Bank, the GDP of Australia has demonstrated development since 2008, arriving at most noteworthy at $1563.9 billion. The Australian GDP speaks to 2.16% of the world economy. It became 1.1% in the last quarter of 2016. The Australian economy is demonstrating a pattern of development as of late. The economy has 2.4% yearly development, which is more than anticipated 2% development. The GDP albeit tumbled to 1.34 trillion USD in 2015, it saw a little fall in the financial presentation in 2015 from the earlier years. In any case, the economy of the country bobbed back to sound development in Q4 of 2016, because of an ascent in the corporate benefits in light of rising costs of the products, an ascent in fares and significant level of family unit spending. Australia is in transit of making a record of 25 years of back to back development (Smith 2017). The gauge of development says in 2017, it would become 2.5% in 2016-17 and would get the development of 3% in 2017-18 because of unwinding of derogation from declining mining venture. The nation is enhancing its venture from mining to other development territories (Treasury.gov.au 2017) The economy of a country is consistently unusual. There can be abrupt high points and low points. There are chances in guaging, as the economy probably won't follow the figure. Ongoing political advancements of a country, expansion and joblessness levels make dangers for determining. The cross outskirt joining, movement emergency, different nations financial and political arrangements, all influence the monetary state of a country, and that can outperform the monetary exhibition development figures decidedly or contrarily (IMF 2017). Financial and fiscal arrangements are two most significant instruments of an administration. These assistance to invigorate the economy or backing it off according to the prerequisite. To improve the monetary exhibition, the administration utilizes the expansionary monetary strategy, by diminishing expenses, and financing spending shortage. At the point when it diminishes the assessment sum, the makers would create more, and family units have progressively extra cash. Subsequently, utilization spending increments in the economy and prompts an ascent in total interest and therefore financial execution improves. Then again, expansionary financial strategy contributes in improving the monetary exhibition of a nation. It focuses on the loan fee and cash flexibly in the economy. At the point when the financial exhibition is low, government brings down the loan cost. Obtaining gets less expensive and makers get more cash to build creation. Along these lines monetary execution of the country improves (Baker, Bloom and Davis 2016). References: Pastry specialist, S.R., Bloom, N. what's more, Davis, S.J., 2016. Estimating financial arrangement uncertainty.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,131(4), pp.1593-1636. IMF, 2017. IMF World Economic Outlook (WEO) Update, January 2017: A Shifting Global Economic Landscape. [online] Imf.org. Accessible at: https://www.imf.org/outside/bars/ft/weo/2017/update/01/[Accessed 20 May 2017]. Smith, J., 2017. Australia bobs back to powerful GDP development. Monetary Times. [online] Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/3d8910fe-fe1b-11e6-96f8-3700c5664d30 [Accessed 20 May 2017]. Treasury.gov.au, 2017. Financial standpoint | The Treasury. [online] Treasury.gov.au. Accessible at: https://www.treasury.gov.au/PublicationsAndMedia/Publications/2016/PEFO-2016/HTML/Economic-viewpoint [Accessed 20 May 2017]. World Bank, 2017. Gross domestic product (current US$) | Data. [online] Data.worldbank.org. Accessible at: https://data.worldbank.org/marker/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD [Accessed 20 May 2017].

The Benefits of Using Free Samples of Visual Essay About a Film Using Powepoint

The Benefits of Using Free Samples of Visual Essay About a Film Using PowepointA sample of visual essay about a film using Powepoint is very important to anyone who has not even begun to learn how to create one. They are used in college class projects as well as when making a simple movie for your class. The benefits to learning how to make them are numerous. However, they are difficult to make.It is something that has been done for many years, but only a large portion of those who took the time to learn how did it well. I personally think it is hard to do it well. That is why I offer a free copy of a sample of visual essay about a film using Powepoint to everyone who joins the site. They can take a look at it and find out if they would like to continue learning to make one for themselves.There are not a lot of people who are interested in just watching the basic videos that are available. The majority of the people are interested in making their own and making it different every tim e. The reason I like the videos so much is because they give a student an opportunity to look at them over again.The videos are not just for the student looking to make an entire film on their own. If you have a group of students that are interested in creating a project then you can offer a free copy of a sample of visual essay about a film using Powepoint as a gift for their project. With a free copy of the video they can use it for every project they make.My student loves being able to look at a project and see it being made by a professional graphic designer. She has seen some amazing things from it. I have taught my student how to make a thesis for her visual based career. She has made new friends and is learning a lot about what goes into making such a great job.Editing is something that many graphic designers are forced to do even though they have the talent to do so. You do not have to be a professional to do this. There are free programs that can be found online that can he lp with this part of the process. The reason that they are free is because there is no need to pay to be able to do so.The editing of the video is very important to the overall process. The video must be edited carefully so that everything flows and there are no part of the video that looks off. In my opinion, it is important to watch many of these free samples of visual essay about a film using Powepoint before making your decision about the type of programs you want to go with.It does not matter what type of visual essay that you choose to use. The point is that you want to have a quality product that will be viewed by many people. The ones that you will get from the free samples of visual essay about a film using Powepoint will not provide you with anything more than a cursory glimpse into what you can do.

An Examination of Pricing Strategy the Lego Group, Ltd

|Running Header: Pricing Strategy | |An Examination of Pricing Strategy | |The LEGOTM Group, Ltd | | | |Jay R. Johnson | |4/1/2012†¦show more content†¦An Oligopoly is similar to a monopoly in that there is restricted competition due to barriers to entry, but unlike monopoly there is competition. In Oligopolies there are just a few, very large firms, competing with similar or identical products.[3] Examples of oligopolies are oil companies and automobile manufactures. Unlike monopolies these firms have to take into account what the other firms will do and either adjust their prices in order to gain advantage over one another or collude with one another in order to become a monopoly (Oligopoly market Structure, 2007-2012). The latter being what most individuals fear when they think of monopoly; not allowing the market demand to set the price of goods coming to market, but instead limiting the supply in order to drive up the price of a product. The United States anti-trust laws are designed to limit firms’ ability to do this, but due to the amount of time it takes to prove such actions th eir effectiveness is limited. In the case of oligopolies the barriers to entry are what prevent firms from competing, and firms instead produce as much capacity as their infrastructure allows and set the price to clear the market. The more firms that compete, the more likely the aggregate welfare of the economy is to be satisfied, and the less likely that one firm can affect the whole industry. 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Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science Read MoreThe Role of Human Resource Information Systems (Hris) in Strategic Human Resource Management (Shrm)19886 Words   |  80 PagesIt also tries to find out if there is any significant difference in the usage of HRIS between Small/Medium (SME) size and Large size companies. A survey questionnaire was sent to 170 companies and a response rate of 15.9% was received. The target group of the questionnaire was HR managers, HR directors, and HR professionals in companies based in Finland. The scope was widened to include both large and small/medium sized organizations across all the business sectors. The results of the survey revealRead MoreBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pagesroughs, deep sand traps, sharp doglegs, and vast water barriers. 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No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives orwritten sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited

Regional Integration And International Business - 1804 Words

There are many definitions that could pertain to what Regional Integration means depending on the context, but generally it implies two things. First, integration can be the combination of parts into a whole or in other words it could mean the completion of an object by combining parts together and secondly region suggests an area having definable boundaries or characteristics. Having both regional integration combined in the context of international business, implies the attempt to create free trade between two of more nations, becoming a staple to harmonizing tariff rates, freedom of movement of goods and services, persons and capital. The need for regional integration dates back all the way to ancient civilizations from allowing for its economic prosperity, political influence, and recently for its creation and maintaining peace amongst nations. With a law of this magnitude it is important for business persons to be aware when conducting foreign business in an integrated region, because it is the integration law that supersedes a countries law, an example could be Germany’s law could be on a lesser level then the law of the European Union. Now the magnitude of the integrated region can be evaluated on the agreed upon level between countries, there are currently six progressive levels of regional integration starting with Free Trade Area, and building upon the free trade area each level adds additional laws that would help create a closer relationship between two nationsShow MoreRelatedMultinational Enterprises And The Trade Blocs Essay837 Words   |  4 PagesTrade blocs determines the scope of regional markets and the regulations by which firms must operate. This is where the term Economic integration, which represents an agreement between nations within and geographic region (International Business), arises. Economic integration comes with three approaches: global integration -countries around the world cooperate through the WTO -, bilateral integ ration – two countries cooperate closely- , and regional integration – group of countries located in theRead MoreThe Role Of Regional Integration Essay1476 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Business as pertaining to our topic describes changes in our worlds economy that result from dramatically increased internationational trade and cultural exchange. This paper will analyze the role of NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) in promoting global business. Besides NAFTA, regional integrations such as: EU, APEC, ASEAN, CAFTA, or others may be discussed for the purpose of comparing advantages and disadvantages of regional integration. Also discussed will be the economic developmentRead MoreThe Logic Of Regional Integration1260 Words   |  6 PagesAccording from the concept of economic integration, which defined by Mattli Walter in his book (The Logic of Regional Integration. Europe and Beyond). Although, the regional integration can describe in many different aspects of cooperation, but it is mostly used in a condition of economy and international trade. Integration then becomes economic integration and can be defined as â€Å"the voluntary linking in the economic domain of two or more formerly independent states to the extent that authority overRead MoreThe Asean And The Private Sector1455 Words   |  6 Pagesprivate sector in Southeast Asia have never been strongly felt in the present time since the market collapse in the early 2000s. Governments and regional associations scurried in saving their economies by providing massive interventions in spending and funding. Much of the crises became the woe of the public and the private sector became more averse to business. Rohde (2011) posited that â€Å"restoring of financial confidence led to a permanent transfer of losses to the public sector, as the private sector’sRead MoreEssay about Marxs Theory of Alienation1087 Words   |  5 Pagespool. Regional integration and globalization often are joined in academic and popular discussion because both entail the strengthening of economic, political, cultural, and social flows that cross national boundaries. There are three key distinctions between these regional integration and globalization. First, regional integration is geographically bound. Globalization is frequently defined as the strengthening of cross-border flows, and the borders crossed are any national borders. Regional integrationRead MoreEssay Regional Analysis: North American Free Trade Agreement1482 Words   |  6 PagesRegional Analysis: North American Free Trade Agreement In todays globalized economies, virtually every country in the world belongs to some form of regional integrated trade organization whether by direct membership, bilateral or multilateral agreement. Regional integration is a process by which sovereign states in a particular region enter into an agreement to promote economic growth through the reduction of barriers to trade restrictions and safeguard common interests such as the environmentRead MoreAn Approach to the Regional Neoliberal Governance in Southern Africa from a Critical Perspective1177 Words   |  5 PagesAn approach to the regional neoliberal governance in Southern Africa from a critical perspective. In order to examine the possible implications of neoliberalism in contemporary Africa, an analysis based on a regional dimension is important. The multiplicity of strategies and methods of governance in a specific regional context can appear merging, mingling or even clashing, since regions can be understood as political and social projects, where different actors act in favour of the maintenanceRead MoreThe Creation Of AENN : The Implementation Of The AEAN1097 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1992, ASEAN’s six members made the historic decision to integrate the regional economy, with ambitions to transform the region into a â€Å"single market and production base† (Declaration of ASEAN Concord II, 2003). From that year until the adoption of ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint in 2006, where the target date of 2015 was set for the AEC, several framework agreements and action programmes have been signed. Even beyond the milestone onset of 2015, ASEAN continued its efforts towar d the realizationRead MoreFeasibility Of Financial, Distribution, And Marketing Partnerships For The Company Within The Chosen Country797 Words   |  4 Pagesenterprises pursue international sourcing strategies as a way of reducing exchange-related risk† (p.285). Currency rates can have an impact on revenues for a U.S. company expanding operations in foreign countries, depending on exchange rates. For example, the U.S. dollar is only worth seventy-four cents in Italy. c) E-Commerce E-commerce is the method of using the Internet to exchange goods and services (Keegan Green, 2009, p.576). Pier 1 Imports has an established e-commerce business-to-consumerRead MoreMercosur: Regional Integration Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesRegional Paper - MERCOSUR Regional integration is the process by which countries agree to reduce or eventually remove tariff and non-tariff barriers to promote the free flow of goods and services amongst countries. Global business is accomplished when organizations conduct business internationally and are not committed or bounded to a single home country. Regional integration combined with global business supports organizations conducting business globally amongst a variety of countries by

Selling Crack By Philippe Bourgois - 1866 Words

In Search of Respect: Selling crack in El barrio, written by Philippe Bourgois, is a compelling ethnography about the lives and struggles of Puerto Rican immigrants living in East Harlem, New York. Bourgois moved his wife and infant child to live in amongst the streets of East Harlem, referred to also as Spanish Harlem or El barrio, to actively participate in the community to get a better understanding of the underground untaxed economy (p.1). Bourgois in the years he lived in East Harlem established relationships with a group of around 24 drug dealers and their families (p.2) and obtained information through means such as â€Å"taped conversations, hundreds of nights in crack houses, †¦ went to parties and intimate reunions† (p.13). This total†¦show more content†¦This shows the profitability of the drug trade and the absolute dependence on the underground economy for those under the poverty line in El Barrio to survive. Bourgois’ conversations also revea led that many were trapped in the drug trade and strongly desired to earn money legally but due to a lack of education were unable to get a legal job that is regular and sufficient (p.114). Bourgois uncovered that many struggled in the legal job market due to institutionalised racism and the culture shock between life in El Barrio and the outside working world (p.145, pp.158-161). Bourgois was also able to gain important information about the dealer’s school experiences which essentially ruined their chances of making a legal life for themselves as many experienced violence and ridicule at the hands of the public schooling system and dropped out early (pp.174-178). Showing the value and strength of the participant observation fieldwork. Bourgois’ everyday interactions with his neighbour who were also his study subjects meant that over the five years his field work began to show how the Puerto Rican traditional culture and street culture of New York heavily influenced those who lived in El Barrio. The long term fieldwork Bourgois conducted revealed the complexities of this culture which can be exemplified in the relationship the Puerto Rican drug dealers have with legal employment. Primo, one of the dealers BourgoisShow MoreRelatedThe Use Of Drugs And Its Effects On Social Status1115 Words   |  5 Pagesdisadvantages in society. In Philippe Bourgois’s book, In Search of Respect, a Puerto Rican immigrant named Primo lived in New York City’s East Harlem. Because of his lack of education and cultural capital, he wasn’t able to find a legal paying job. Also having the burden of having to support for his family, he became a victim into the world crack. Drug dealing led Primo to drug addiction , which led him to throw away his income on more drugs (Bourgois,2013). Bourgois was trying to show the intensityRead MoreSelling in the Barrio: The Culture of Poverty Essay1165 Words   |  5 Pagesgroups and ethnicities are negatively affected by poverty. Those in the lowest social class, while a mix of ethnicities, are predominantly minorities and affected the most. What stood out about Philippe Bourgeois’ is that he not only studies the people and their culture but he lived it with them. Mr. Bourgois spent two years with his wife and child living with the Puerto Rican’s in East Harlem, NY. He lived with them and became a friend to many of them with the hopes of providing an accurate analysisRead MoreIn Search Of Respect Selling Crack In El Barrio Summary1248 Words   |  5 PagesPhillipe Bourgois’s study of social marginalisation in inner city America in his ethnography ‘In Search of Respect – Selling Crack in El Barrio’, won critical a cclaim when first published in 1995. For the first time, an anthropologist had managed to gain the trust and long-term friendship of street-level drug dealers in one of the nation’s roughest ghetto neighbourhoods – East Harlem (Bourgois, 2003). He had originally come to study poverty and ethnic segregation, the political economy of inner-city streetRead MoreHegemonic Hypocrisy: A Victim of Social Scriptorium1168 Words   |  5 Pagesamidst a war involving all three cultural topographies. Albeit she speaks from a subjective standpoint, she does not mention the issue of racial hygiene, class, geographic divisions, and gender. Passages from Guenter Lewy, Melissa Wright, and Philippe Bourgois will be used to discuss the way in which different positionalities might affect the analysis of â€Å"Dislocated Identities.† In â€Å"Dislocated Identities,† Dr. Shohat tells of the reification of identity categories. Identity categories are hypotheticalRead MoreFeminicide, Gender Violence Against Women5270 Words   |  22 Pagesreplaced by service industries† (Bourgois 2004: 114). This conversion completely changed the dynamics of the workplace for the women working in the maquiladoras and most importantly the men, in the city of Jà ¹arez and the areas near the border. According to economists and sociologists alike, the repercussions from this shift in economic dynamics have led to, â€Å"unemployment, income reduction, weaker unions, and dramatic erosions in worker’s beneï ¬ ts at the entry level† (Bourgois 2004: 114). These outcomes

Benefits of Effective Cross-Cultural Collaboration-Free-Samples

Question: Your organisations recent global expansion has created new challenges of global collaboration. The general manager has asked you prepare areport for the Executive Team on practical steps that could be taken to enhance cross-cultural teamwork, communication and negotiation. Answer: Introduction Cross-cultural teamwork is defined as the actions and achievements of a group that includes people from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds who are working together cooperatively to achieve common organisational objectives. Effective communication, negotiation, and teamwork are the primary requirements for an international corporation to succeed in international market. International companies operate in multiple countries hence they deal with people from different background and ethnicity and proper understanding of their culture can lead to substantial opportunities for the corporation. The enterprises face various challenges during their global collaboration; management can implement various cross-cultural theories to address such challenges. This report will focus on the problems and issues face by international organisation in relation to cross-cultural collaboration. Further, the report will recommend various cross-cultural collaboration theories to address the challenges Benefits of Effective Cross-Cultural Collaboration Globalisation has removed the boundaries between countries and digitalisation has made it easier for corporations to expand their business in other counties. Modern organisations are expanding their business in new territories in order to increase their market share (Gebauer, Sedikides and Neberich, 2012). The role of effective cross-cultural teamwork, negotiation, and communication is becoming significant with the growth of technology, global business, and internet-based services. Modern corporations can effectively operate their foreign divisions by learning about their culture and implementing it into their business environment. An effective cross-cultural communication includes understanding of different businesses beliefs, customers, traditions, and communication strategies (Stewart and Bennett, 2011). There are several benefits of establishing an effective cross-cultural communication, teamwork, and negotiation. Understanding Cultural Diversity: An effective cross-cultural communication enable employees and executives to learn about new cultural along with their own. The cross-cultural teamwork provides an opportunity to people for learning customers and traditions of other cultures and improve their understanding (Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner, 2011). New Opportunities: The management can improve understanding of other cultures that assist them in gaining new opportunities. Valuable experience: Working with diverse and multicultural individual provides a valuable experience to people that assist in their personal and psychological development. Challenges Following are few challenges that are faced by modern corporations regarding cross-cultural communication, teamwork, and negotiation. Communication, Expression and Language Barrier Effective and quality communications are the key to success of businesses. Teamwork requires collective effort from each party, and all the members have to fully understand the instructions or guidelines to work properly (Schuler, 2008). When team members speak different language it becomes difficult for people to understand each other. Pronunciations and accent can create confusion among the members, and it can hamper the quality of work. The communication barriers increase the decision-making time which reduces the performance of a corporation (Guffey and Loewy, 2012). Cultural Background In cross-cultural teams, the people are from different background, and they have distinct culture, ethics, values, and morals than each other. A person cannot possibly be aware of all the different cultures, and sometimes people perform some acts that unintentionally offend other individuals (Thomas, 2008). For example, in Egypt, UK, US or Russia, it is normal to reply or send emails after working hours, but in Latvia, people do not send email after working hours unless the matter is serious. Perception or Stereotyping People from developed countries consider individuals from developing nations as inferior or vice versa. Many people intentionally or unintentionally use stereotypes while communicating with people from other cultures which offend them (Posthuma and Campion, 2009). It creates a negative environment in the company because people feel like other department did not respect them, or they considered themselves as superior. Negative environment makes it difficult for managers to implement new policies which obstruct the growth of the corporation (Griffin and Moorhead, 2011). Different Attitude towards Disclosure In many cultures, it is not considered appropriate to become frank about personal problems, emotions, conflict, or misunderstanding in the office. People have to consider what they are talking about while dealing with people from different culture or else it can offend some people. Many people feel uncomfortable to share or reveal their personal details, and insensitive question of other people can upset them (Twenge and Campbell, 2008). Religion Religion is one of the most controversial topics in the world which has created several international issues; office environment is also not safe from issues of religion. People highly respect their religion, and they did not prefer when other individuals insult their religion. Many people start getting violent when people made insensitive comment about their religion. Many times, unintentional actions of people offend others religion which creates a conflict between them (Benefiel, Fry and Geigle, 2014). It is difficult for managers to properly manage the religious conflicts because whichever side he/she would take it will offend another party. For example, Indians respects cows and consider them a part of God, therefore, they do not eat them. But beef is popular among various cultures and many people eat it during special occasions. This difference creates a problem when a company from the United States or the United Kingdom establish their division in India (Rao, 2012). Negotiation Etiquettes Negotiation is a significant part of business while dealing in a foreign country; a company is required to negotiate with various parties including suppliers, investors, employees, local businesses, government, and others. Nonfulfilment or misuse of negotiation etiquettes can create problems for a corporation since it offends many people (Okoro, 2012). For example, in countries such as UK, US, and northern Europe, maintaining a direct eye contact is considered as a sign of sincerity and confidence. Specifically, in South America, eye contact is necessary since it conveys trustworthiness of parties. However, in many cultures, maintaining long eye contact is a sign of rudeness. In Japan, prolonged eye contact in business meetings is considered as a sign of rudeness, and it offends many people. There are several other negotiation etiquettes that aid in success or failure of a business meeting. For example, time is a critical part of different culture. In monochromic culture, people prefer to set schedules, planned breaks, meeting agendas and detailed communications. The countries with monochromic culture include Switzerland, United States, Germany, and Scandinavia. Whereas in Polychromic culture, people are comfortable with less structured meeting schedules, free information flows, spontaneous decisions and unstructured breaks. The countries with polychromic culture include Italy, France, Greek, Mexico, and others (Ke, 2011). Other Small Issues Following are various other small problems that become bigger challenges for managers while maintaining cross-culture communication, teamwork or negotiation: Formal versus Informal: Different cultures have different approach towards business operations which include various formalities and expectations from other parties. Nonfulfilment of such expectations results in failure of a negotiation or communication (Myers and Sadaghiani, 2010). For example, in US people prefer to use first name because it is a sign of friendliness, whereas, in Japan and Germany, people are more formal, and they prefer to address by their last name. Punctuality: Arriving late in a business meeting or dealing can create problems in case of some cultures than compared to others. For example, is United States and Germany, punctuality is important, and meetings get cancelled if other parties arrive late. Meeting and Greeting: Different cultures have different meeting and greeting styles. For example, a handshake is most commonly used greeting method, but in some cultures, it is not appropriate between genders. Recommendations for Resolving Cross-Cultural Issues A corporations global expansion creates various problems relating to cross-cultural communication, teamwork, and negotiation which are necessary to address properly in order to manage international operations successfully. There are several benefits of properly managing cross-cultural environment because it improves morale, productivity, and creativity. Employees started to gain respect for each other, and it improves trust between them. Following are few suggestions that can be implemented by organisations to address the challenges relating to cross cultures. Learning about the Culture During a global expansion, a corporation deal with various people from different cultures, therefore, it is necessary that corporation learn about such cultures to ensure effective operations. Managers should research and teach other employees regarding different cultures and their formalities to ensure that they did not offend any person (Eraut, 2008). For example, after a global expansion, a company hire local employees and to manage them effectively, it is necessary to learn their culture. Bridge the Culture Gap Managers can take necessary steps to fill the culture gap in an organisation to ensure effective operations. Small cultural differences can create bigger conflicts between employees and management (Carte and Fox, 2008). For example, in countries such as China, Japan, and Germany, it is considered as an insult if a person comes late to a meeting. Managers should let everyone know about these formalities and ensure that they are properly followed by the employees. Acknowledging Differences Building awareness about different cultures and properly acknowledging them is a key to improve cross-cultural teamwork. Managers should discourage the insensitive behaviour of employees which can make them feel unwanted or excluded (Kapoor and Solomon, 2011). The corporation should help prevent demeaning jokes or stereotyping or insensitive remarks which are based on culture, value, or religion. Effective companies implement a strict code of conduct which includes various rules for appropriate behaviour, and they also take disciplinary actions when violence occurs. Every employee should feel safe in the workplace, and organisation should take appropriate steps to establish a positive environment. The managers and employees should research and observe local customs to ensure their actions are not offensive to anyone (Ball, 2010). The managers should acknowledge the difference between cultures and also teach other employees regarding the same. Effective Communication Following are few techniques that can be used by managers and employees to improve cross-cultural communication: Use of proper etiquette while talking with people from a different culture is necessary. Many cultures expect a certain level of formality during conversation and employees should research and learn about such formalities, so they avoid offending someone (Bovee, Thill and Raina, 2016). For example, in China, people reverse family name, and in Japan, people use san for men and women. The managers and employees should be aware of these formalities before taking to employees from a different culture. People should avoid using slang while talking with someone in a business meeting because most people did not understand slangs and it can confuse other parties. People from different culture speak different languages, and they have different accents which are difficult to understand by people. Therefore, while dealing with international employees, managers should talk slowly to ensure that employees understand them (Kitmoller and Lauring, 2013). While talking, employees should speak slowly and clearly to ensure other parties are able to understand them. Managers can also find other ways of communication to avoid the issue of different accents such as using email or other chatting application to communicate. Effective cross-cultural communication requires that parties are feeling comfortable and supportive while talking with each other. In conversation, people should treat each other with respect and do their best to communicate clearly. They should also avoid humour because it may be difficult for another person to understand its context, and they might get offended by the remark. Personal Time In case an employee from a different culture is working in an organisation than manager should spend personal time with him to learn about his/her culture and make them comfortable in the organisational environment. In personal time, the employee can tell manager about his issues and whether someone is treating him differently due to his culture (Fullan, 2014). The teammates should also spend personal time with the employee from a different culture to learn about his/her values and formalities to ensure they understood his/her culture and did not offend him unintentionally. Disciplinary Actions International corporations are required to establish a strict code of conduct for employees and managers to avoid any cross-cultural issues. The companies should punish the employees who make fun or bully people with different cultures. Diversity is necessary is modern corporations which assist in its development and growth. The diversity among employees can bring a new perspective in business strategies that increase innovation and creativity. Negative behaviour, bullying, racism, and office politics creates tension between employees and management which leads to office disputes (Mitchell, 2009). Conflicts in workplace decrease the productivity of employees, and it creates mental health issues for employees. Culture is a primary issue in conflicts; people are sensitive towards their values, and they did not prefer interference of others. Many people make fun or bully others culture to gain an unfair advantage. The company should avoid this behaviour and attitude by establishing proper guidelines for disciplinary actions. International corporations can establish a strict code of conduct which includes policies for punishing the employees or manager which intentionally hurts another persons feeling based on his/her culture (Fox and Stallworth, 2009). For example, the company can suspend or fire the person who acts insensitively to people with different culture because it creates various cross-cultural problems. General Principles The managers and employees should avoid making assumptions if they did not know about a particular religion or culture. Every person holds stereotype and preconceptions, but they should not act on them without knowledge. Even if a person thinks he/she knows about a culture or religion, they should avoid making assumptions because it can offend people that create a negative working environment. Every employee should receive equal treatment in the workplace, and they should not face discrimination based on race, caste, culture, religion or gender. The top-level managers should avoid discriminating between employees and take disciplinary actions against people who do so. It is not enough to treat everyone with equality; people should be treated the way they want to be treated. Conclusion From the above observations, it can be concluded that a company faces various cross-cultural teamwork, communication and negotiation issues when expanding their business globally. The managers find it difficult to supervise and direct the staff and maintain coordination between them. The cross-culture problems include communication barriers, language and accent difference, stereotyping, insensitive remarks, lack of negotiation etiquettes, different attitude towards disclosure, religion and others. It is necessary that corporations solve these problems to manage their domestic and international operations effectively. 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